sqlglot.dialects.tsql
1from __future__ import annotations 2 3import datetime 4import re 5import typing as t 6 7from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms 8from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import ( 9 Dialect, 10 NormalizationStrategy, 11 any_value_to_max_sql, 12 date_delta_sql, 13 datestrtodate_sql, 14 generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql, 15 max_or_greatest, 16 min_or_least, 17 build_date_delta, 18 rename_func, 19 timestrtotime_sql, 20 trim_sql, 21) 22from sqlglot.helper import seq_get 23from sqlglot.time import format_time 24from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType 25 26if t.TYPE_CHECKING: 27 from sqlglot._typing import E 28 29FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = { 30 "weekday": "%A", 31 "dw": "%A", 32 "w": "%A", 33 "month": "%B", 34 "mm": "%B", 35 "m": "%B", 36} 37 38DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = { 39 "year": "year", 40 "yyyy": "year", 41 "yy": "year", 42 "quarter": "quarter", 43 "qq": "quarter", 44 "q": "quarter", 45 "month": "month", 46 "mm": "month", 47 "m": "month", 48 "week": "week", 49 "ww": "week", 50 "wk": "week", 51 "day": "day", 52 "dd": "day", 53 "d": "day", 54} 55 56 57DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile("([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})") 58 59# N = Numeric, C=Currency 60TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {"N", "C"} 61 62DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1) 63 64BIT_TYPES = {exp.EQ, exp.NEQ, exp.Is, exp.In, exp.Select, exp.Alias} 65 66# Unsupported options: 67# - OPTIMIZE FOR ( @variable_name { UNKNOWN | = <literal_constant> } [ , ...n ] ) 68# - TABLE HINT 69OPTIONS: parser.OPTIONS_TYPE = { 70 **dict.fromkeys( 71 ( 72 "DISABLE_OPTIMIZED_PLAN_FORCING", 73 "FAST", 74 "IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX", 75 "LABEL", 76 "MAXDOP", 77 "MAXRECURSION", 78 "MAX_GRANT_PERCENT", 79 "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT", 80 "NO_PERFORMANCE_SPOOL", 81 "QUERYTRACEON", 82 "RECOMPILE", 83 ), 84 tuple(), 85 ), 86 "CONCAT": ("UNION",), 87 "DISABLE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"), 88 "EXPAND": ("VIEWS",), 89 "FORCE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "ORDER", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"), 90 "HASH": ("GROUP", "JOIN", "UNION"), 91 "KEEP": ("PLAN",), 92 "KEEPFIXED": ("PLAN",), 93 "LOOP": ("JOIN",), 94 "MERGE": ("JOIN", "UNION"), 95 "OPTIMIZE": (("FOR", "UNKNOWN"),), 96 "ORDER": ("GROUP",), 97 "PARAMETERIZATION": ("FORCED", "SIMPLE"), 98 "ROBUST": ("PLAN",), 99 "USE": ("PLAN",), 100} 101 102OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL = ("MAX_GRANT_PERCENT", "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT", "LABEL") 103 104 105def _build_formatted_time( 106 exp_class: t.Type[E], full_format_mapping: t.Optional[bool] = None 107) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]: 108 def _builder(args: t.List) -> E: 109 assert len(args) == 2 110 111 return exp_class( 112 this=exp.cast(args[1], "datetime"), 113 format=exp.Literal.string( 114 format_time( 115 args[0].name.lower(), 116 ( 117 {**TSQL.TIME_MAPPING, **FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING} 118 if full_format_mapping 119 else TSQL.TIME_MAPPING 120 ), 121 ) 122 ), 123 ) 124 125 return _builder 126 127 128def _build_format(args: t.List) -> exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr: 129 this = seq_get(args, 0) 130 fmt = seq_get(args, 1) 131 culture = seq_get(args, 2) 132 133 number_fmt = fmt and (fmt.name in TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT or not DATE_FMT_RE.search(fmt.name)) 134 135 if number_fmt: 136 return exp.NumberToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture) 137 138 if fmt: 139 fmt = exp.Literal.string( 140 format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING) 141 if len(fmt.name) == 1 142 else format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.TIME_MAPPING) 143 ) 144 145 return exp.TimeToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture) 146 147 148def _build_eomonth(args: t.List) -> exp.LastDay: 149 date = exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0)) 150 month_lag = seq_get(args, 1) 151 152 if month_lag is None: 153 this: exp.Expression = date 154 else: 155 unit = DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL.get("month") 156 this = exp.DateAdd(this=date, expression=month_lag, unit=unit and exp.var(unit)) 157 158 return exp.LastDay(this=this) 159 160 161def _build_hashbytes(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression: 162 kind, data = args 163 kind = kind.name.upper() if kind.is_string else "" 164 165 if kind == "MD5": 166 args.pop(0) 167 return exp.MD5(this=data) 168 if kind in ("SHA", "SHA1"): 169 args.pop(0) 170 return exp.SHA(this=data) 171 if kind == "SHA2_256": 172 return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(256)) 173 if kind == "SHA2_512": 174 return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(512)) 175 176 return exp.func("HASHBYTES", *args) 177 178 179DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS = {"DW", "HOUR", "QUARTER"} 180 181 182def _format_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr) -> str: 183 fmt = expression.args["format"] 184 185 if not isinstance(expression, exp.NumberToStr): 186 if fmt.is_string: 187 mapped_fmt = format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING) 188 189 name = (mapped_fmt or "").upper() 190 if name in DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS: 191 return self.func("DATEPART", name, expression.this) 192 193 fmt_sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(mapped_fmt)) 194 else: 195 fmt_sql = self.format_time(expression) or self.sql(fmt) 196 else: 197 fmt_sql = self.sql(fmt) 198 199 return self.func("FORMAT", expression.this, fmt_sql, expression.args.get("culture")) 200 201 202def _string_agg_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str: 203 this = expression.this 204 distinct = expression.find(exp.Distinct) 205 if distinct: 206 # exp.Distinct can appear below an exp.Order or an exp.GroupConcat expression 207 self.unsupported("T-SQL STRING_AGG doesn't support DISTINCT.") 208 this = distinct.pop().expressions[0] 209 210 order = "" 211 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Order): 212 if expression.this.this: 213 this = expression.this.this.pop() 214 order = f" WITHIN GROUP ({self.sql(expression.this)[1:]})" # Order has a leading space 215 216 separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",") 217 return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}){order}" 218 219 220def _build_date_delta( 221 exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None 222) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]: 223 def _builder(args: t.List) -> E: 224 unit = seq_get(args, 0) 225 if unit and unit_mapping: 226 unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name)) 227 228 start_date = seq_get(args, 1) 229 if start_date and start_date.is_number: 230 # Numeric types are valid DATETIME values 231 if start_date.is_int: 232 adds = DEFAULT_START_DATE + datetime.timedelta(days=int(start_date.this)) 233 start_date = exp.Literal.string(adds.strftime("%F")) 234 else: 235 # We currently don't handle float values, i.e. they're not converted to equivalent DATETIMEs. 236 # This is not a problem when generating T-SQL code, it is when transpiling to other dialects. 237 return exp_class(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=start_date, unit=unit) 238 239 return exp_class( 240 this=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=seq_get(args, 2)), 241 expression=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=start_date), 242 unit=unit, 243 ) 244 245 return _builder 246 247 248def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression: 249 """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries.""" 250 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 251 252 if ( 253 isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery)) 254 and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias) 255 and not alias.columns 256 ): 257 from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs 258 259 # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions 260 # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases 261 # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents 262 query = expression.this 263 unaliased_column_indexes = ( 264 i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias 265 ) 266 267 qualify_outputs(query) 268 269 # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes 270 query_selects = query.selects 271 for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes: 272 alias = query_selects[select_index] 273 column = alias.this 274 if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier): 275 alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted) 276 277 return expression 278 279 280# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/datetimefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax 281def _build_datetimefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampFromParts: 282 return exp.TimestampFromParts( 283 year=seq_get(args, 0), 284 month=seq_get(args, 1), 285 day=seq_get(args, 2), 286 hour=seq_get(args, 3), 287 min=seq_get(args, 4), 288 sec=seq_get(args, 5), 289 milli=seq_get(args, 6), 290 ) 291 292 293# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/timefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax 294def _build_timefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimeFromParts: 295 return exp.TimeFromParts( 296 hour=seq_get(args, 0), 297 min=seq_get(args, 1), 298 sec=seq_get(args, 2), 299 fractions=seq_get(args, 3), 300 precision=seq_get(args, 4), 301 ) 302 303 304def _build_with_arg_as_text( 305 klass: t.Type[exp.Expression], 306) -> t.Callable[[t.List[exp.Expression]], exp.Expression]: 307 def _parse(args: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression: 308 this = seq_get(args, 0) 309 310 if this and not this.is_string: 311 this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) 312 313 expression = seq_get(args, 1) 314 kwargs = {"this": this} 315 316 if expression: 317 kwargs["expression"] = expression 318 319 return klass(**kwargs) 320 321 return _parse 322 323 324def _json_extract_sql( 325 self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONExtractScalar 326) -> str: 327 json_query = self.func("JSON_QUERY", expression.this, expression.expression) 328 json_value = self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, expression.expression) 329 return self.func("ISNULL", json_query, json_value) 330 331 332class TSQL(Dialect): 333 NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE 334 TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'" 335 SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False 336 LOG_BASE_FIRST = False 337 TYPED_DIVISION = True 338 CONCAT_COALESCE = True 339 340 TIME_MAPPING = { 341 "year": "%Y", 342 "dayofyear": "%j", 343 "day": "%d", 344 "dy": "%d", 345 "y": "%Y", 346 "week": "%W", 347 "ww": "%W", 348 "wk": "%W", 349 "hour": "%h", 350 "hh": "%I", 351 "minute": "%M", 352 "mi": "%M", 353 "n": "%M", 354 "second": "%S", 355 "ss": "%S", 356 "s": "%-S", 357 "millisecond": "%f", 358 "ms": "%f", 359 "weekday": "%W", 360 "dw": "%W", 361 "month": "%m", 362 "mm": "%M", 363 "m": "%-M", 364 "Y": "%Y", 365 "YYYY": "%Y", 366 "YY": "%y", 367 "MMMM": "%B", 368 "MMM": "%b", 369 "MM": "%m", 370 "M": "%-m", 371 "dddd": "%A", 372 "dd": "%d", 373 "d": "%-d", 374 "HH": "%H", 375 "H": "%-H", 376 "h": "%-I", 377 "S": "%f", 378 "yyyy": "%Y", 379 "yy": "%y", 380 } 381 382 CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = { 383 "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p", 384 "1": "%m/%d/%y", 385 "2": "%y.%m.%d", 386 "3": "%d/%m/%y", 387 "4": "%d.%m.%y", 388 "5": "%d-%m-%y", 389 "6": "%d %b %y", 390 "7": "%b %d, %y", 391 "8": "%H:%M:%S", 392 "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p", 393 "10": "mm-dd-yy", 394 "11": "yy/mm/dd", 395 "12": "yymmdd", 396 "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f", 397 "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f", 398 "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", 399 "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f", 400 "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p", 401 "23": "%Y-%m-%d", 402 "24": "%H:%M:%S", 403 "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f", 404 "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p", 405 "101": "%m/%d/%Y", 406 "102": "%Y.%m.%d", 407 "103": "%d/%m/%Y", 408 "104": "%d.%m.%Y", 409 "105": "%d-%m-%Y", 410 "106": "%d %b %Y", 411 "107": "%b %d, %Y", 412 "108": "%H:%M:%S", 413 "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p", 414 "110": "%m-%d-%Y", 415 "111": "%Y/%m/%d", 416 "112": "%Y%m%d", 417 "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f", 418 "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f", 419 "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", 420 "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f", 421 } 422 423 FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = { 424 "y": "%B %Y", 425 "d": "%m/%d/%Y", 426 "H": "%-H", 427 "h": "%-I", 428 "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", 429 "D": "%A,%B,%Y", 430 "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p", 431 "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p", 432 "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p", 433 "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p", 434 "M": "%B %-d", 435 "m": "%B %-d", 436 "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S", 437 "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z", 438 "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z", 439 "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p", 440 "t": "%-I:%M", 441 "Y": "%a %Y", 442 } 443 444 class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer): 445 IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"'] 446 QUOTES = ["'", '"'] 447 HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")] 448 VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"} 449 450 KEYWORDS = { 451 **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS, 452 "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME, 453 "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ, 454 "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND, 455 "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND, 456 "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE, 457 "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY, 458 "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT, 459 "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND, 460 "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE, 461 "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT, 462 "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION, 463 "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME, 464 "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY, 465 "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT, 466 "TOP": TokenType.TOP, 467 "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, 468 "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND, 469 "XML": TokenType.XML, 470 "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING, 471 "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER, 472 "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT, 473 "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION, 474 } 475 476 class Parser(parser.Parser): 477 SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False 478 LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True 479 ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False 480 STRING_ALIASES = True 481 NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False 482 483 QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = { 484 **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS, 485 TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()), 486 } 487 488 FUNCTIONS = { 489 **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS, 490 "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition( 491 this=seq_get(args, 1), 492 substr=seq_get(args, 0), 493 position=seq_get(args, 2), 494 ), 495 "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL), 496 "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL), 497 "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True), 498 "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr), 499 "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts, 500 "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth, 501 "FORMAT": _build_format, 502 "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list, 503 "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes, 504 "ISNULL": exp.Coalesce.from_arg_list, 505 "JSON_QUERY": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract), 506 "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar), 507 "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length), 508 "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left), 509 "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right), 510 "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list, 511 "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)), 512 "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list, 513 "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list, 514 "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list, 515 "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list, 516 "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts, 517 } 518 519 JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"} 520 521 RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - { 522 TokenType.TABLE, 523 *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS, 524 } 525 526 STATEMENT_PARSERS = { 527 **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS, 528 TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_command(), 529 } 530 531 def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]: 532 if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION): 533 return None 534 535 def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 536 option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS) 537 if not option: 538 return None 539 540 self._match(TokenType.EQ) 541 return self.expression( 542 exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var() 543 ) 544 545 return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option) 546 547 def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 548 """ 549 T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list, 550 so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases. 551 552 See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax 553 """ 554 return [ 555 ( 556 exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False) 557 if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column) 558 else projection 559 ) 560 for projection in super()._parse_projections() 561 ] 562 563 def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback: 564 """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database 565 COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION } 566 [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ] 567 [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ] 568 569 ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION } 570 [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable 571 | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ] 572 """ 573 rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK 574 575 self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")) 576 this = self._parse_id_var() 577 578 if rollback: 579 return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this) 580 581 durability = None 582 if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN): 583 self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY") 584 self._match(TokenType.EQ) 585 586 if self._match_text_seq("OFF"): 587 durability = False 588 else: 589 self._match(TokenType.ON) 590 durability = True 591 592 self._match_r_paren() 593 594 return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability) 595 596 def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command: 597 """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database 598 BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION } 599 [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable } 600 [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ] 601 ] 602 """ 603 if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")): 604 transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var()) 605 if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"): 606 transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string()) 607 608 return transaction 609 610 return self._parse_as_command(self._prev) 611 612 def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty: 613 table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS) 614 returns = super()._parse_returns() 615 returns.set("table", table) 616 return returns 617 618 def _parse_convert( 619 self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None 620 ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 621 this = self._parse_types() 622 self._match(TokenType.COMMA) 623 args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_conjunction)] 624 convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args) 625 convert.set("safe", safe) 626 convert.set("strict", strict) 627 return convert 628 629 def _parse_user_defined_function( 630 self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None 631 ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 632 this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind) 633 634 if ( 635 kind == TokenType.FUNCTION 636 or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction) 637 or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False) 638 ): 639 return this 640 641 expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter) 642 return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions) 643 644 def _parse_id_var( 645 self, 646 any_token: bool = True, 647 tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None, 648 ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 649 is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH) 650 is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH) 651 652 this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens) 653 if this: 654 if is_global: 655 this.set("global", True) 656 elif is_temporary: 657 this.set("temporary", True) 658 659 return this 660 661 def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command: 662 create = super()._parse_create() 663 664 if isinstance(create, exp.Create): 665 table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this 666 if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"): 667 if not create.args.get("properties"): 668 create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[])) 669 670 create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty()) 671 672 return create 673 674 def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 675 index = self._index 676 677 if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"): 678 self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string) 679 if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP): 680 return self._parse_drop(exists=True) 681 self._retreat(index) 682 683 return super()._parse_if() 684 685 def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint: 686 if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")): 687 this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self) 688 else: 689 this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False)) 690 691 return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this) 692 693 def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]: 694 if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"): 695 return None 696 697 def parse_range(): 698 low = self._parse_bitwise() 699 high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None 700 701 return ( 702 self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low 703 ) 704 705 partition = self.expression( 706 exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range) 707 ) 708 709 self._match_r_paren() 710 711 return partition 712 713 class Generator(generator.Generator): 714 LIMIT_IS_TOP = True 715 QUERY_HINTS = False 716 RETURNING_END = False 717 NVL2_SUPPORTED = False 718 ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False 719 LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH" 720 COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False 721 CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False 722 ENSURE_BOOLS = True 723 NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None 724 SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False 725 TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE" 726 SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True 727 JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False 728 SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False 729 730 EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = { 731 exp.Delete, 732 exp.Insert, 733 exp.Merge, 734 exp.Select, 735 exp.Subquery, 736 exp.Union, 737 exp.Update, 738 } 739 740 SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = { 741 exp.JSONPathKey, 742 exp.JSONPathRoot, 743 exp.JSONPathSubscript, 744 } 745 746 TYPE_MAPPING = { 747 **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING, 748 exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT", 749 exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC", 750 exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2", 751 exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT", 752 exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER", 753 exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)", 754 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2", 755 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET", 756 exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT", 757 } 758 759 TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR) 760 TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR) 761 762 TRANSFORMS = { 763 **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS, 764 exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql, 765 exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"), 766 exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY", 767 exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"), 768 exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"), 769 exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]), 770 exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"), 771 exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"), 772 exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql, 773 exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"), 774 exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql, 775 exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql, 776 exp.If: rename_func("IIF"), 777 exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql, 778 exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql, 779 exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this), 780 exp.Max: max_or_greatest, 781 exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this), 782 exp.Min: min_or_least, 783 exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql, 784 exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"), 785 exp.Select: transforms.preprocess( 786 [ 787 transforms.eliminate_distinct_on, 788 transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins, 789 transforms.eliminate_qualify, 790 ] 791 ), 792 exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func( 793 "CHARINDEX", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position") 794 ), 795 exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]), 796 exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this), 797 exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func( 798 "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this 799 ), 800 exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "", 801 exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql, 802 exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql, 803 exp.Trim: trim_sql, 804 exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True), 805 exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"), 806 } 807 808 TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty) 809 810 PROPERTIES_LOCATION = { 811 **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION, 812 exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED, 813 } 814 815 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 816 if expression.args.get("offset"): 817 if not expression.args.get("order"): 818 # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use 819 # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order. 820 # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819 821 expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False) 822 823 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 824 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 825 # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP 826 # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql 827 limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression)) 828 829 return super().select_sql(expression) 830 831 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 832 name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT" 833 return self.func( 834 name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style") 835 ) 836 837 def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str: 838 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 839 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 840 if value: 841 optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else "" 842 return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}" 843 return option 844 845 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 846 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 847 if cross_apply is True: 848 return "CROSS APPLY" 849 if cross_apply is False: 850 return "OUTER APPLY" 851 852 # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately 853 self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.") 854 return "LATERAL" 855 856 def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str: 857 nano = expression.args.get("nano") 858 if nano is not None: 859 nano.pop() 860 self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.") 861 862 if expression.args.get("fractions") is None: 863 expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0)) 864 if expression.args.get("precision") is None: 865 expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0)) 866 867 return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression) 868 869 def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str: 870 zone = expression.args.get("zone") 871 if zone is not None: 872 zone.pop() 873 self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.") 874 875 nano = expression.args.get("nano") 876 if nano is not None: 877 nano.pop() 878 self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.") 879 880 if expression.args.get("milli") is None: 881 expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0)) 882 883 return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression) 884 885 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.Union) -> str: 886 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 887 if limit: 888 return self.sql(expression.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False)) 889 890 return super().set_operations(expression) 891 892 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 893 this = expression.this 894 if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter): 895 # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable. 896 return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}" 897 898 return super().setitem_sql(expression) 899 900 def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str: 901 if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES: 902 return "1" if expression.this else "0" 903 904 return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)" 905 906 def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str: 907 if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean): 908 return self.binary(expression, "=") 909 return self.binary(expression, "IS") 910 911 def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str: 912 sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 913 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 914 915 if sql[:1] != "#" and any( 916 isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty) 917 for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else []) 918 ): 919 sql = f"#{sql}" 920 921 return sql 922 923 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 924 kind = expression.kind 925 exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None) 926 sql = super().create_sql(expression) 927 928 like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty) 929 if like_property: 930 ctas_expression = like_property.this 931 else: 932 ctas_expression = expression.expression 933 934 table = expression.find(exp.Table) 935 936 # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO .. 937 if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression: 938 ctas_with = ctas_expression.args.get("with") 939 if ctas_with: 940 ctas_with = ctas_with.pop() 941 942 if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 943 ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery() 944 945 select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True)) 946 select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table)) 947 select_into.set("with", ctas_with) 948 949 if like_property: 950 select_into.limit(0, copy=False) 951 952 sql = self.sql(select_into) 953 954 if exists: 955 identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else "")) 956 sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql)) 957 if kind == "SCHEMA": 958 sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql})""" 959 elif kind == "TABLE": 960 assert table 961 where = exp.and_( 962 exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name), 963 exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None, 964 exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None, 965 ) 966 sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql})""" 967 elif kind == "INDEX": 968 index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this"))) 969 sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql})""" 970 elif expression.args.get("replace"): 971 sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1) 972 973 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 974 975 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 976 return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS" 977 978 def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str: 979 name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name 980 this = f"FOR {name}" 981 expr = expression.expression 982 kind = expression.text("kind") 983 if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"): 984 args = expr.expressions 985 sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND" 986 expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}" 987 else: 988 expr_sql = self.sql(expr) 989 990 expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else "" 991 return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}" 992 993 def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str: 994 table = expression.args.get("table") 995 table = f"{table} " if table else "" 996 return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 997 998 def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str: 999 into = self.sql(expression, "into") 1000 into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else "" 1001 return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}" 1002 1003 def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str: 1004 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1005 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1006 mark = self.sql(expression, "mark") 1007 mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else "" 1008 return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}" 1009 1010 def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str: 1011 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1012 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1013 durability = expression.args.get("durability") 1014 durability = ( 1015 f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})" 1016 if durability is not None 1017 else "" 1018 ) 1019 return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}" 1020 1021 def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str: 1022 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1023 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1024 return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}" 1025 1026 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1027 identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression) 1028 1029 if expression.args.get("global"): 1030 identifier = f"##{identifier}" 1031 elif expression.args.get("temporary"): 1032 identifier = f"#{identifier}" 1033 1034 return identifier 1035 1036 def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str: 1037 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1038 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ") 1039 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}" 1040 1041 def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str: 1042 return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN") 1043 1044 def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str: 1045 return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT") 1046 1047 def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str: 1048 return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT") 1049 1050 def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str: 1051 this = expression.this 1052 if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT): 1053 this_sql = self.sql(this, "this") 1054 else: 1055 this_sql = self.sql(this) 1056 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1057 return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None) 1058 1059 def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str: 1060 return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
249def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression: 250 """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries.""" 251 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 252 253 if ( 254 isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery)) 255 and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias) 256 and not alias.columns 257 ): 258 from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs 259 260 # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions 261 # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases 262 # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents 263 query = expression.this 264 unaliased_column_indexes = ( 265 i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias 266 ) 267 268 qualify_outputs(query) 269 270 # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes 271 query_selects = query.selects 272 for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes: 273 alias = query_selects[select_index] 274 column = alias.this 275 if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier): 276 alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted) 277 278 return expression
Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries.
333class TSQL(Dialect): 334 NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE 335 TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'" 336 SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False 337 LOG_BASE_FIRST = False 338 TYPED_DIVISION = True 339 CONCAT_COALESCE = True 340 341 TIME_MAPPING = { 342 "year": "%Y", 343 "dayofyear": "%j", 344 "day": "%d", 345 "dy": "%d", 346 "y": "%Y", 347 "week": "%W", 348 "ww": "%W", 349 "wk": "%W", 350 "hour": "%h", 351 "hh": "%I", 352 "minute": "%M", 353 "mi": "%M", 354 "n": "%M", 355 "second": "%S", 356 "ss": "%S", 357 "s": "%-S", 358 "millisecond": "%f", 359 "ms": "%f", 360 "weekday": "%W", 361 "dw": "%W", 362 "month": "%m", 363 "mm": "%M", 364 "m": "%-M", 365 "Y": "%Y", 366 "YYYY": "%Y", 367 "YY": "%y", 368 "MMMM": "%B", 369 "MMM": "%b", 370 "MM": "%m", 371 "M": "%-m", 372 "dddd": "%A", 373 "dd": "%d", 374 "d": "%-d", 375 "HH": "%H", 376 "H": "%-H", 377 "h": "%-I", 378 "S": "%f", 379 "yyyy": "%Y", 380 "yy": "%y", 381 } 382 383 CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = { 384 "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p", 385 "1": "%m/%d/%y", 386 "2": "%y.%m.%d", 387 "3": "%d/%m/%y", 388 "4": "%d.%m.%y", 389 "5": "%d-%m-%y", 390 "6": "%d %b %y", 391 "7": "%b %d, %y", 392 "8": "%H:%M:%S", 393 "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p", 394 "10": "mm-dd-yy", 395 "11": "yy/mm/dd", 396 "12": "yymmdd", 397 "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f", 398 "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f", 399 "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", 400 "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f", 401 "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p", 402 "23": "%Y-%m-%d", 403 "24": "%H:%M:%S", 404 "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f", 405 "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p", 406 "101": "%m/%d/%Y", 407 "102": "%Y.%m.%d", 408 "103": "%d/%m/%Y", 409 "104": "%d.%m.%Y", 410 "105": "%d-%m-%Y", 411 "106": "%d %b %Y", 412 "107": "%b %d, %Y", 413 "108": "%H:%M:%S", 414 "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p", 415 "110": "%m-%d-%Y", 416 "111": "%Y/%m/%d", 417 "112": "%Y%m%d", 418 "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f", 419 "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f", 420 "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", 421 "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f", 422 } 423 424 FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = { 425 "y": "%B %Y", 426 "d": "%m/%d/%Y", 427 "H": "%-H", 428 "h": "%-I", 429 "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", 430 "D": "%A,%B,%Y", 431 "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p", 432 "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p", 433 "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p", 434 "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p", 435 "M": "%B %-d", 436 "m": "%B %-d", 437 "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S", 438 "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z", 439 "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z", 440 "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p", 441 "t": "%-I:%M", 442 "Y": "%a %Y", 443 } 444 445 class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer): 446 IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"'] 447 QUOTES = ["'", '"'] 448 HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")] 449 VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"} 450 451 KEYWORDS = { 452 **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS, 453 "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME, 454 "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ, 455 "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND, 456 "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND, 457 "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE, 458 "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY, 459 "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT, 460 "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND, 461 "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE, 462 "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT, 463 "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION, 464 "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME, 465 "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY, 466 "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT, 467 "TOP": TokenType.TOP, 468 "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, 469 "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND, 470 "XML": TokenType.XML, 471 "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING, 472 "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER, 473 "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT, 474 "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION, 475 } 476 477 class Parser(parser.Parser): 478 SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False 479 LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True 480 ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False 481 STRING_ALIASES = True 482 NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False 483 484 QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = { 485 **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS, 486 TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()), 487 } 488 489 FUNCTIONS = { 490 **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS, 491 "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition( 492 this=seq_get(args, 1), 493 substr=seq_get(args, 0), 494 position=seq_get(args, 2), 495 ), 496 "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL), 497 "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL), 498 "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True), 499 "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr), 500 "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts, 501 "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth, 502 "FORMAT": _build_format, 503 "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list, 504 "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes, 505 "ISNULL": exp.Coalesce.from_arg_list, 506 "JSON_QUERY": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract), 507 "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar), 508 "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length), 509 "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left), 510 "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right), 511 "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list, 512 "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)), 513 "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list, 514 "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list, 515 "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list, 516 "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list, 517 "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts, 518 } 519 520 JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"} 521 522 RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - { 523 TokenType.TABLE, 524 *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS, 525 } 526 527 STATEMENT_PARSERS = { 528 **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS, 529 TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_command(), 530 } 531 532 def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]: 533 if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION): 534 return None 535 536 def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 537 option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS) 538 if not option: 539 return None 540 541 self._match(TokenType.EQ) 542 return self.expression( 543 exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var() 544 ) 545 546 return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option) 547 548 def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 549 """ 550 T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list, 551 so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases. 552 553 See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax 554 """ 555 return [ 556 ( 557 exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False) 558 if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column) 559 else projection 560 ) 561 for projection in super()._parse_projections() 562 ] 563 564 def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback: 565 """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database 566 COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION } 567 [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ] 568 [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ] 569 570 ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION } 571 [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable 572 | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ] 573 """ 574 rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK 575 576 self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")) 577 this = self._parse_id_var() 578 579 if rollback: 580 return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this) 581 582 durability = None 583 if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN): 584 self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY") 585 self._match(TokenType.EQ) 586 587 if self._match_text_seq("OFF"): 588 durability = False 589 else: 590 self._match(TokenType.ON) 591 durability = True 592 593 self._match_r_paren() 594 595 return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability) 596 597 def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command: 598 """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database 599 BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION } 600 [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable } 601 [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ] 602 ] 603 """ 604 if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")): 605 transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var()) 606 if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"): 607 transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string()) 608 609 return transaction 610 611 return self._parse_as_command(self._prev) 612 613 def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty: 614 table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS) 615 returns = super()._parse_returns() 616 returns.set("table", table) 617 return returns 618 619 def _parse_convert( 620 self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None 621 ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 622 this = self._parse_types() 623 self._match(TokenType.COMMA) 624 args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_conjunction)] 625 convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args) 626 convert.set("safe", safe) 627 convert.set("strict", strict) 628 return convert 629 630 def _parse_user_defined_function( 631 self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None 632 ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 633 this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind) 634 635 if ( 636 kind == TokenType.FUNCTION 637 or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction) 638 or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False) 639 ): 640 return this 641 642 expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter) 643 return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions) 644 645 def _parse_id_var( 646 self, 647 any_token: bool = True, 648 tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None, 649 ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 650 is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH) 651 is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH) 652 653 this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens) 654 if this: 655 if is_global: 656 this.set("global", True) 657 elif is_temporary: 658 this.set("temporary", True) 659 660 return this 661 662 def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command: 663 create = super()._parse_create() 664 665 if isinstance(create, exp.Create): 666 table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this 667 if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"): 668 if not create.args.get("properties"): 669 create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[])) 670 671 create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty()) 672 673 return create 674 675 def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 676 index = self._index 677 678 if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"): 679 self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string) 680 if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP): 681 return self._parse_drop(exists=True) 682 self._retreat(index) 683 684 return super()._parse_if() 685 686 def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint: 687 if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")): 688 this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self) 689 else: 690 this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False)) 691 692 return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this) 693 694 def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]: 695 if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"): 696 return None 697 698 def parse_range(): 699 low = self._parse_bitwise() 700 high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None 701 702 return ( 703 self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low 704 ) 705 706 partition = self.expression( 707 exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range) 708 ) 709 710 self._match_r_paren() 711 712 return partition 713 714 class Generator(generator.Generator): 715 LIMIT_IS_TOP = True 716 QUERY_HINTS = False 717 RETURNING_END = False 718 NVL2_SUPPORTED = False 719 ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False 720 LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH" 721 COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False 722 CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False 723 ENSURE_BOOLS = True 724 NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None 725 SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False 726 TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE" 727 SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True 728 JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False 729 SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False 730 731 EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = { 732 exp.Delete, 733 exp.Insert, 734 exp.Merge, 735 exp.Select, 736 exp.Subquery, 737 exp.Union, 738 exp.Update, 739 } 740 741 SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = { 742 exp.JSONPathKey, 743 exp.JSONPathRoot, 744 exp.JSONPathSubscript, 745 } 746 747 TYPE_MAPPING = { 748 **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING, 749 exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT", 750 exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC", 751 exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2", 752 exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT", 753 exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER", 754 exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)", 755 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2", 756 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET", 757 exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT", 758 } 759 760 TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR) 761 TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR) 762 763 TRANSFORMS = { 764 **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS, 765 exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql, 766 exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"), 767 exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY", 768 exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"), 769 exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"), 770 exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]), 771 exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"), 772 exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"), 773 exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql, 774 exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"), 775 exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql, 776 exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql, 777 exp.If: rename_func("IIF"), 778 exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql, 779 exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql, 780 exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this), 781 exp.Max: max_or_greatest, 782 exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this), 783 exp.Min: min_or_least, 784 exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql, 785 exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"), 786 exp.Select: transforms.preprocess( 787 [ 788 transforms.eliminate_distinct_on, 789 transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins, 790 transforms.eliminate_qualify, 791 ] 792 ), 793 exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func( 794 "CHARINDEX", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position") 795 ), 796 exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]), 797 exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this), 798 exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func( 799 "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this 800 ), 801 exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "", 802 exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql, 803 exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql, 804 exp.Trim: trim_sql, 805 exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True), 806 exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"), 807 } 808 809 TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty) 810 811 PROPERTIES_LOCATION = { 812 **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION, 813 exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED, 814 } 815 816 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 817 if expression.args.get("offset"): 818 if not expression.args.get("order"): 819 # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use 820 # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order. 821 # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819 822 expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False) 823 824 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 825 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 826 # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP 827 # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql 828 limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression)) 829 830 return super().select_sql(expression) 831 832 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 833 name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT" 834 return self.func( 835 name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style") 836 ) 837 838 def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str: 839 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 840 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 841 if value: 842 optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else "" 843 return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}" 844 return option 845 846 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 847 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 848 if cross_apply is True: 849 return "CROSS APPLY" 850 if cross_apply is False: 851 return "OUTER APPLY" 852 853 # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately 854 self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.") 855 return "LATERAL" 856 857 def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str: 858 nano = expression.args.get("nano") 859 if nano is not None: 860 nano.pop() 861 self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.") 862 863 if expression.args.get("fractions") is None: 864 expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0)) 865 if expression.args.get("precision") is None: 866 expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0)) 867 868 return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression) 869 870 def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str: 871 zone = expression.args.get("zone") 872 if zone is not None: 873 zone.pop() 874 self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.") 875 876 nano = expression.args.get("nano") 877 if nano is not None: 878 nano.pop() 879 self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.") 880 881 if expression.args.get("milli") is None: 882 expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0)) 883 884 return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression) 885 886 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.Union) -> str: 887 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 888 if limit: 889 return self.sql(expression.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False)) 890 891 return super().set_operations(expression) 892 893 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 894 this = expression.this 895 if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter): 896 # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable. 897 return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}" 898 899 return super().setitem_sql(expression) 900 901 def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str: 902 if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES: 903 return "1" if expression.this else "0" 904 905 return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)" 906 907 def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str: 908 if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean): 909 return self.binary(expression, "=") 910 return self.binary(expression, "IS") 911 912 def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str: 913 sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 914 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 915 916 if sql[:1] != "#" and any( 917 isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty) 918 for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else []) 919 ): 920 sql = f"#{sql}" 921 922 return sql 923 924 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 925 kind = expression.kind 926 exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None) 927 sql = super().create_sql(expression) 928 929 like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty) 930 if like_property: 931 ctas_expression = like_property.this 932 else: 933 ctas_expression = expression.expression 934 935 table = expression.find(exp.Table) 936 937 # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO .. 938 if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression: 939 ctas_with = ctas_expression.args.get("with") 940 if ctas_with: 941 ctas_with = ctas_with.pop() 942 943 if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 944 ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery() 945 946 select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True)) 947 select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table)) 948 select_into.set("with", ctas_with) 949 950 if like_property: 951 select_into.limit(0, copy=False) 952 953 sql = self.sql(select_into) 954 955 if exists: 956 identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else "")) 957 sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql)) 958 if kind == "SCHEMA": 959 sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql})""" 960 elif kind == "TABLE": 961 assert table 962 where = exp.and_( 963 exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name), 964 exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None, 965 exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None, 966 ) 967 sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql})""" 968 elif kind == "INDEX": 969 index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this"))) 970 sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql})""" 971 elif expression.args.get("replace"): 972 sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1) 973 974 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 975 976 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 977 return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS" 978 979 def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str: 980 name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name 981 this = f"FOR {name}" 982 expr = expression.expression 983 kind = expression.text("kind") 984 if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"): 985 args = expr.expressions 986 sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND" 987 expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}" 988 else: 989 expr_sql = self.sql(expr) 990 991 expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else "" 992 return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}" 993 994 def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str: 995 table = expression.args.get("table") 996 table = f"{table} " if table else "" 997 return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 998 999 def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str: 1000 into = self.sql(expression, "into") 1001 into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else "" 1002 return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}" 1003 1004 def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str: 1005 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1006 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1007 mark = self.sql(expression, "mark") 1008 mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else "" 1009 return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}" 1010 1011 def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str: 1012 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1013 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1014 durability = expression.args.get("durability") 1015 durability = ( 1016 f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})" 1017 if durability is not None 1018 else "" 1019 ) 1020 return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}" 1021 1022 def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str: 1023 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1024 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1025 return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}" 1026 1027 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1028 identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression) 1029 1030 if expression.args.get("global"): 1031 identifier = f"##{identifier}" 1032 elif expression.args.get("temporary"): 1033 identifier = f"#{identifier}" 1034 1035 return identifier 1036 1037 def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str: 1038 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1039 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ") 1040 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}" 1041 1042 def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str: 1043 return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN") 1044 1045 def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str: 1046 return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT") 1047 1048 def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str: 1049 return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT") 1050 1051 def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str: 1052 this = expression.this 1053 if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT): 1054 this_sql = self.sql(this, "this") 1055 else: 1056 this_sql = self.sql(this) 1057 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1058 return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None) 1059 1060 def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str: 1061 return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.
Whether the base comes first in the LOG
function.
Possible values: True
, False
, None
(two arguments are not supported by LOG
)
Whether the behavior of a / b
depends on the types of a
and b
.
False means a / b
is always float division.
True means a / b
is integer division if both a
and b
are integers.
A NULL
arg in CONCAT
yields NULL
by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.
Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python strftime
formats.
Inherited Members
- sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
- Dialect
- INDEX_OFFSET
- WEEK_OFFSET
- UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
- ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
- TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
- IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
- DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
- STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
- SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES
- NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
- NULL_ORDERING
- SAFE_DIVISION
- DATE_FORMAT
- DATEINT_FORMAT
- FORMAT_MAPPING
- UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES
- PSEUDOCOLUMNS
- PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN
- get_or_raise
- format_time
- normalize_identifier
- case_sensitive
- can_identify
- quote_identifier
- to_json_path
- parse
- parse_into
- generate
- transpile
- tokenize
- tokenizer
- parser
- generator
445 class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer): 446 IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"'] 447 QUOTES = ["'", '"'] 448 HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")] 449 VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"} 450 451 KEYWORDS = { 452 **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS, 453 "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME, 454 "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ, 455 "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND, 456 "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND, 457 "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE, 458 "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY, 459 "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT, 460 "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND, 461 "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE, 462 "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT, 463 "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION, 464 "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME, 465 "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY, 466 "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT, 467 "TOP": TokenType.TOP, 468 "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, 469 "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND, 470 "XML": TokenType.XML, 471 "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING, 472 "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER, 473 "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT, 474 "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION, 475 }
Inherited Members
- sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
- Tokenizer
- SINGLE_TOKENS
- BIT_STRINGS
- BYTE_STRINGS
- RAW_STRINGS
- HEREDOC_STRINGS
- UNICODE_STRINGS
- IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
- STRING_ESCAPES
- HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER
- HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE
- WHITE_SPACE
- COMMANDS
- COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
- NUMERIC_LITERALS
- COMMENTS
- dialect
- reset
- tokenize
- tokenize_rs
- size
- sql
- tokens
477 class Parser(parser.Parser): 478 SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False 479 LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True 480 ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False 481 STRING_ALIASES = True 482 NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False 483 484 QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = { 485 **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS, 486 TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()), 487 } 488 489 FUNCTIONS = { 490 **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS, 491 "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition( 492 this=seq_get(args, 1), 493 substr=seq_get(args, 0), 494 position=seq_get(args, 2), 495 ), 496 "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL), 497 "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL), 498 "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True), 499 "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr), 500 "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts, 501 "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth, 502 "FORMAT": _build_format, 503 "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list, 504 "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes, 505 "ISNULL": exp.Coalesce.from_arg_list, 506 "JSON_QUERY": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract), 507 "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar), 508 "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length), 509 "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left), 510 "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right), 511 "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list, 512 "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)), 513 "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list, 514 "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list, 515 "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list, 516 "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list, 517 "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts, 518 } 519 520 JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"} 521 522 RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - { 523 TokenType.TABLE, 524 *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS, 525 } 526 527 STATEMENT_PARSERS = { 528 **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS, 529 TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_command(), 530 } 531 532 def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]: 533 if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION): 534 return None 535 536 def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 537 option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS) 538 if not option: 539 return None 540 541 self._match(TokenType.EQ) 542 return self.expression( 543 exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var() 544 ) 545 546 return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option) 547 548 def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 549 """ 550 T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list, 551 so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases. 552 553 See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax 554 """ 555 return [ 556 ( 557 exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False) 558 if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column) 559 else projection 560 ) 561 for projection in super()._parse_projections() 562 ] 563 564 def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback: 565 """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database 566 COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION } 567 [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ] 568 [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ] 569 570 ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION } 571 [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable 572 | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ] 573 """ 574 rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK 575 576 self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")) 577 this = self._parse_id_var() 578 579 if rollback: 580 return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this) 581 582 durability = None 583 if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN): 584 self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY") 585 self._match(TokenType.EQ) 586 587 if self._match_text_seq("OFF"): 588 durability = False 589 else: 590 self._match(TokenType.ON) 591 durability = True 592 593 self._match_r_paren() 594 595 return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability) 596 597 def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command: 598 """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database 599 BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION } 600 [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable } 601 [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ] 602 ] 603 """ 604 if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")): 605 transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var()) 606 if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"): 607 transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string()) 608 609 return transaction 610 611 return self._parse_as_command(self._prev) 612 613 def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty: 614 table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS) 615 returns = super()._parse_returns() 616 returns.set("table", table) 617 return returns 618 619 def _parse_convert( 620 self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None 621 ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 622 this = self._parse_types() 623 self._match(TokenType.COMMA) 624 args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_conjunction)] 625 convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args) 626 convert.set("safe", safe) 627 convert.set("strict", strict) 628 return convert 629 630 def _parse_user_defined_function( 631 self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None 632 ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 633 this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind) 634 635 if ( 636 kind == TokenType.FUNCTION 637 or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction) 638 or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False) 639 ): 640 return this 641 642 expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter) 643 return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions) 644 645 def _parse_id_var( 646 self, 647 any_token: bool = True, 648 tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None, 649 ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 650 is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH) 651 is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH) 652 653 this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens) 654 if this: 655 if is_global: 656 this.set("global", True) 657 elif is_temporary: 658 this.set("temporary", True) 659 660 return this 661 662 def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command: 663 create = super()._parse_create() 664 665 if isinstance(create, exp.Create): 666 table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this 667 if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"): 668 if not create.args.get("properties"): 669 create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[])) 670 671 create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty()) 672 673 return create 674 675 def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]: 676 index = self._index 677 678 if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"): 679 self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string) 680 if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP): 681 return self._parse_drop(exists=True) 682 self._retreat(index) 683 684 return super()._parse_if() 685 686 def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint: 687 if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")): 688 this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self) 689 else: 690 this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False)) 691 692 return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this) 693 694 def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]: 695 if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"): 696 return None 697 698 def parse_range(): 699 low = self._parse_bitwise() 700 high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None 701 702 return ( 703 self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low 704 ) 705 706 partition = self.expression( 707 exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range) 708 ) 709 710 self._match_r_paren() 711 712 return partition
Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.
Arguments:
- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
Inherited Members
- sqlglot.parser.Parser
- Parser
- NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
- STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
- NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
- ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
- AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
- TYPE_TOKENS
- SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
- SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
- RESERVED_TOKENS
- DB_CREATABLES
- CREATABLES
- ID_VAR_TOKENS
- INTERVAL_VARS
- ALIAS_TOKENS
- COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
- UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
- TRIM_TYPES
- FUNC_TOKENS
- CONJUNCTION
- EQUALITY
- COMPARISON
- BITWISE
- TERM
- FACTOR
- EXPONENT
- TIMES
- TIMESTAMPS
- SET_OPERATIONS
- JOIN_METHODS
- JOIN_SIDES
- JOIN_KINDS
- LAMBDAS
- COLUMN_OPERATORS
- EXPRESSION_PARSERS
- UNARY_PARSERS
- STRING_PARSERS
- NUMERIC_PARSERS
- PRIMARY_PARSERS
- PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
- RANGE_PARSERS
- PROPERTY_PARSERS
- CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
- ALTER_PARSERS
- SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
- NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
- INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
- FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
- KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
- FUNCTION_PARSERS
- SET_PARSERS
- SHOW_PARSERS
- TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
- DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
- PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
- TRANSACTION_KIND
- TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
- CONFLICT_ACTIONS
- CREATE_SEQUENCE
- ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
- USABLES
- CAST_ACTIONS
- INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
- CLONE_KEYWORDS
- HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
- OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
- OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
- TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
- VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
- WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
- WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
- WINDOW_SIDES
- JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
- FETCH_TOKENS
- ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
- DISTINCT_TOKENS
- NULL_TOKENS
- UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
- SELECT_START_TOKENS
- STRICT_CAST
- PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
- IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
- TABLESAMPLE_CSV
- TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
- MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
- UNION_MODIFIERS
- JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
- VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
- SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
- INTERVAL_SPANS
- error_level
- error_message_context
- max_errors
- dialect
- reset
- parse
- parse_into
- check_errors
- raise_error
- expression
- validate_expression
- errors
- sql
714 class Generator(generator.Generator): 715 LIMIT_IS_TOP = True 716 QUERY_HINTS = False 717 RETURNING_END = False 718 NVL2_SUPPORTED = False 719 ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False 720 LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH" 721 COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False 722 CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False 723 ENSURE_BOOLS = True 724 NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None 725 SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False 726 TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE" 727 SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True 728 JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False 729 SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False 730 731 EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = { 732 exp.Delete, 733 exp.Insert, 734 exp.Merge, 735 exp.Select, 736 exp.Subquery, 737 exp.Union, 738 exp.Update, 739 } 740 741 SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = { 742 exp.JSONPathKey, 743 exp.JSONPathRoot, 744 exp.JSONPathSubscript, 745 } 746 747 TYPE_MAPPING = { 748 **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING, 749 exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT", 750 exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC", 751 exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2", 752 exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT", 753 exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER", 754 exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)", 755 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2", 756 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET", 757 exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT", 758 } 759 760 TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR) 761 TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR) 762 763 TRANSFORMS = { 764 **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS, 765 exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql, 766 exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"), 767 exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY", 768 exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"), 769 exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"), 770 exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]), 771 exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"), 772 exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"), 773 exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql, 774 exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"), 775 exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql, 776 exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql, 777 exp.If: rename_func("IIF"), 778 exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql, 779 exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql, 780 exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this), 781 exp.Max: max_or_greatest, 782 exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this), 783 exp.Min: min_or_least, 784 exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql, 785 exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"), 786 exp.Select: transforms.preprocess( 787 [ 788 transforms.eliminate_distinct_on, 789 transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins, 790 transforms.eliminate_qualify, 791 ] 792 ), 793 exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func( 794 "CHARINDEX", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position") 795 ), 796 exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]), 797 exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this), 798 exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func( 799 "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this 800 ), 801 exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "", 802 exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql, 803 exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql, 804 exp.Trim: trim_sql, 805 exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True), 806 exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"), 807 } 808 809 TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty) 810 811 PROPERTIES_LOCATION = { 812 **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION, 813 exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED, 814 } 815 816 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 817 if expression.args.get("offset"): 818 if not expression.args.get("order"): 819 # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use 820 # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order. 821 # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819 822 expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False) 823 824 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 825 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 826 # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP 827 # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql 828 limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression)) 829 830 return super().select_sql(expression) 831 832 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 833 name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT" 834 return self.func( 835 name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style") 836 ) 837 838 def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str: 839 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 840 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 841 if value: 842 optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else "" 843 return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}" 844 return option 845 846 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 847 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 848 if cross_apply is True: 849 return "CROSS APPLY" 850 if cross_apply is False: 851 return "OUTER APPLY" 852 853 # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately 854 self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.") 855 return "LATERAL" 856 857 def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str: 858 nano = expression.args.get("nano") 859 if nano is not None: 860 nano.pop() 861 self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.") 862 863 if expression.args.get("fractions") is None: 864 expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0)) 865 if expression.args.get("precision") is None: 866 expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0)) 867 868 return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression) 869 870 def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str: 871 zone = expression.args.get("zone") 872 if zone is not None: 873 zone.pop() 874 self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.") 875 876 nano = expression.args.get("nano") 877 if nano is not None: 878 nano.pop() 879 self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.") 880 881 if expression.args.get("milli") is None: 882 expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0)) 883 884 return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression) 885 886 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.Union) -> str: 887 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 888 if limit: 889 return self.sql(expression.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False)) 890 891 return super().set_operations(expression) 892 893 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 894 this = expression.this 895 if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter): 896 # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable. 897 return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}" 898 899 return super().setitem_sql(expression) 900 901 def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str: 902 if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES: 903 return "1" if expression.this else "0" 904 905 return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)" 906 907 def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str: 908 if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean): 909 return self.binary(expression, "=") 910 return self.binary(expression, "IS") 911 912 def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str: 913 sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 914 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 915 916 if sql[:1] != "#" and any( 917 isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty) 918 for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else []) 919 ): 920 sql = f"#{sql}" 921 922 return sql 923 924 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 925 kind = expression.kind 926 exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None) 927 sql = super().create_sql(expression) 928 929 like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty) 930 if like_property: 931 ctas_expression = like_property.this 932 else: 933 ctas_expression = expression.expression 934 935 table = expression.find(exp.Table) 936 937 # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO .. 938 if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression: 939 ctas_with = ctas_expression.args.get("with") 940 if ctas_with: 941 ctas_with = ctas_with.pop() 942 943 if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 944 ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery() 945 946 select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True)) 947 select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table)) 948 select_into.set("with", ctas_with) 949 950 if like_property: 951 select_into.limit(0, copy=False) 952 953 sql = self.sql(select_into) 954 955 if exists: 956 identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else "")) 957 sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql)) 958 if kind == "SCHEMA": 959 sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql})""" 960 elif kind == "TABLE": 961 assert table 962 where = exp.and_( 963 exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name), 964 exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None, 965 exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None, 966 ) 967 sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql})""" 968 elif kind == "INDEX": 969 index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this"))) 970 sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql})""" 971 elif expression.args.get("replace"): 972 sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1) 973 974 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 975 976 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 977 return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS" 978 979 def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str: 980 name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name 981 this = f"FOR {name}" 982 expr = expression.expression 983 kind = expression.text("kind") 984 if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"): 985 args = expr.expressions 986 sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND" 987 expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}" 988 else: 989 expr_sql = self.sql(expr) 990 991 expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else "" 992 return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}" 993 994 def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str: 995 table = expression.args.get("table") 996 table = f"{table} " if table else "" 997 return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 998 999 def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str: 1000 into = self.sql(expression, "into") 1001 into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else "" 1002 return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}" 1003 1004 def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str: 1005 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1006 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1007 mark = self.sql(expression, "mark") 1008 mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else "" 1009 return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}" 1010 1011 def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str: 1012 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1013 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1014 durability = expression.args.get("durability") 1015 durability = ( 1016 f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})" 1017 if durability is not None 1018 else "" 1019 ) 1020 return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}" 1021 1022 def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str: 1023 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1024 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1025 return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}" 1026 1027 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1028 identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression) 1029 1030 if expression.args.get("global"): 1031 identifier = f"##{identifier}" 1032 elif expression.args.get("temporary"): 1033 identifier = f"#{identifier}" 1034 1035 return identifier 1036 1037 def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str: 1038 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1039 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ") 1040 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}" 1041 1042 def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str: 1043 return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN") 1044 1045 def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str: 1046 return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT") 1047 1048 def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str: 1049 return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT") 1050 1051 def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str: 1052 this = expression.this 1053 if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT): 1054 this_sql = self.sql(this, "this") 1055 else: 1056 this_sql = self.sql(this) 1057 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1058 return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None) 1059 1060 def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str: 1061 return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.
Arguments:
- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the
indentation of subqueries and filters under a
WHERE
clause. Default: 2. - normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
816 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 817 if expression.args.get("offset"): 818 if not expression.args.get("order"): 819 # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use 820 # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order. 821 # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819 822 expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False) 823 824 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 825 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 826 # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP 827 # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql 828 limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression)) 829 830 return super().select_sql(expression)
838 def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str: 839 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 840 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 841 if value: 842 optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else "" 843 return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}" 844 return option
846 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 847 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 848 if cross_apply is True: 849 return "CROSS APPLY" 850 if cross_apply is False: 851 return "OUTER APPLY" 852 853 # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately 854 self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.") 855 return "LATERAL"
857 def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str: 858 nano = expression.args.get("nano") 859 if nano is not None: 860 nano.pop() 861 self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.") 862 863 if expression.args.get("fractions") is None: 864 expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0)) 865 if expression.args.get("precision") is None: 866 expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0)) 867 868 return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
870 def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str: 871 zone = expression.args.get("zone") 872 if zone is not None: 873 zone.pop() 874 self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.") 875 876 nano = expression.args.get("nano") 877 if nano is not None: 878 nano.pop() 879 self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.") 880 881 if expression.args.get("milli") is None: 882 expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0)) 883 884 return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
893 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 894 this = expression.this 895 if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter): 896 # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable. 897 return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}" 898 899 return super().setitem_sql(expression)
912 def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str: 913 sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 914 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 915 916 if sql[:1] != "#" and any( 917 isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty) 918 for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else []) 919 ): 920 sql = f"#{sql}" 921 922 return sql
924 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 925 kind = expression.kind 926 exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None) 927 sql = super().create_sql(expression) 928 929 like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty) 930 if like_property: 931 ctas_expression = like_property.this 932 else: 933 ctas_expression = expression.expression 934 935 table = expression.find(exp.Table) 936 937 # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO .. 938 if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression: 939 ctas_with = ctas_expression.args.get("with") 940 if ctas_with: 941 ctas_with = ctas_with.pop() 942 943 if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 944 ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery() 945 946 select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True)) 947 select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table)) 948 select_into.set("with", ctas_with) 949 950 if like_property: 951 select_into.limit(0, copy=False) 952 953 sql = self.sql(select_into) 954 955 if exists: 956 identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else "")) 957 sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql)) 958 if kind == "SCHEMA": 959 sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql})""" 960 elif kind == "TABLE": 961 assert table 962 where = exp.and_( 963 exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name), 964 exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None, 965 exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None, 966 ) 967 sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql})""" 968 elif kind == "INDEX": 969 index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this"))) 970 sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql})""" 971 elif expression.args.get("replace"): 972 sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1) 973 974 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
979 def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str: 980 name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name 981 this = f"FOR {name}" 982 expr = expression.expression 983 kind = expression.text("kind") 984 if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"): 985 args = expr.expressions 986 sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND" 987 expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}" 988 else: 989 expr_sql = self.sql(expr) 990 991 expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else "" 992 return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
1011 def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str: 1012 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1013 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1014 durability = expression.args.get("durability") 1015 durability = ( 1016 f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})" 1017 if durability is not None 1018 else "" 1019 ) 1020 return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
1027 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1028 identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression) 1029 1030 if expression.args.get("global"): 1031 identifier = f"##{identifier}" 1032 elif expression.args.get("temporary"): 1033 identifier = f"#{identifier}" 1034 1035 return identifier
Inherited Members
- sqlglot.generator.Generator
- Generator
- IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
- LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
- EXPLICIT_UNION
- WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
- CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
- MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
- SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
- INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
- LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
- RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
- GROUPINGS_SEP
- INDEX_ON
- JOIN_HINTS
- TABLE_HINTS
- QUERY_HINT_SEP
- IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
- DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
- COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
- EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
- TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
- VALUES_AS_TABLE
- UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
- AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
- SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
- SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
- TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
- TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
- TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
- TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
- COLLATE_IS_FUNC
- DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
- LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
- SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
- UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
- JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
- INSERT_OVERWRITE
- SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
- SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
- LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
- MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT
- JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
- JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
- CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY
- STAR_MAPPING
- TIME_PART_SINGULARS
- TOKEN_MAPPING
- STRUCT_DELIMITER
- PARAMETER_TOKEN
- NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
- RESERVED_KEYWORDS
- WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
- EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
- UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
- PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
- SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
- pretty
- identify
- normalize
- pad
- unsupported_level
- max_unsupported
- leading_comma
- max_text_width
- comments
- dialect
- normalize_functions
- unsupported_messages
- generate
- preprocess
- unsupported
- sep
- seg
- pad_comment
- maybe_comment
- wrap
- no_identify
- normalize_func
- indent
- sql
- uncache_sql
- cache_sql
- characterset_sql
- column_sql
- columnposition_sql
- columndef_sql
- columnconstraint_sql
- computedcolumnconstraint_sql
- autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
- compresscolumnconstraint_sql
- generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
- generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
- periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
- notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
- transformcolumnconstraint_sql
- primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
- uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
- sequenceproperties_sql
- clone_sql
- describe_sql
- heredoc_sql
- prepend_ctes
- with_sql
- cte_sql
- tablealias_sql
- bitstring_sql
- hexstring_sql
- bytestring_sql
- unicodestring_sql
- rawstring_sql
- datatypeparam_sql
- datatype_sql
- directory_sql
- delete_sql
- drop_sql
- except_sql
- except_op
- fetch_sql
- filter_sql
- hint_sql
- indexparameters_sql
- index_sql
- inputoutputformat_sql
- national_sql
- properties_sql
- root_properties
- properties
- with_properties
- locate_properties
- property_name
- property_sql
- likeproperty_sql
- fallbackproperty_sql
- journalproperty_sql
- freespaceproperty_sql
- checksumproperty_sql
- mergeblockratioproperty_sql
- datablocksizeproperty_sql
- blockcompressionproperty_sql
- isolatedloadingproperty_sql
- partitionboundspec_sql
- partitionedofproperty_sql
- lockingproperty_sql
- withdataproperty_sql
- withsystemversioningproperty_sql
- insert_sql
- intersect_sql
- intersect_op
- introducer_sql
- kill_sql
- pseudotype_sql
- objectidentifier_sql
- onconflict_sql
- rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
- withtablehint_sql
- indextablehint_sql
- historicaldata_sql
- table_parts
- table_sql
- tablesample_sql
- pivot_sql
- tuple_sql
- update_sql
- values_sql
- var_sql
- into_sql
- from_sql
- group_sql
- having_sql
- connect_sql
- prior_sql
- join_sql
- lambda_sql
- lateral_sql
- limit_sql
- set_sql
- pragma_sql
- lock_sql
- literal_sql
- escape_str
- loaddata_sql
- null_sql
- order_sql
- withfill_sql
- cluster_sql
- distribute_sql
- sort_sql
- ordered_sql
- matchrecognizemeasure_sql
- matchrecognize_sql
- query_modifiers
- offset_limit_modifiers
- after_limit_modifiers
- schema_sql
- schema_columns_sql
- star_sql
- parameter_sql
- sessionparameter_sql
- placeholder_sql
- subquery_sql
- qualify_sql
- union_sql
- union_op
- unnest_sql
- prewhere_sql
- where_sql
- window_sql
- partition_by_sql
- windowspec_sql
- withingroup_sql
- between_sql
- bracket_offset_expressions
- bracket_sql
- all_sql
- any_sql
- exists_sql
- case_sql
- nextvaluefor_sql
- extract_sql
- trim_sql
- convert_concat_args
- concat_sql
- concatws_sql
- check_sql
- foreignkey_sql
- primarykey_sql
- if_sql
- matchagainst_sql
- jsonkeyvalue_sql
- jsonpath_sql
- json_path_part
- formatjson_sql
- jsonobject_sql
- jsonobjectagg_sql
- jsonarray_sql
- jsonarrayagg_sql
- jsoncolumndef_sql
- jsonschema_sql
- jsontable_sql
- openjsoncolumndef_sql
- openjson_sql
- in_sql
- in_unnest_op
- interval_sql
- return_sql
- reference_sql
- anonymous_sql
- paren_sql
- neg_sql
- not_sql
- alias_sql
- pivotalias_sql
- aliases_sql
- atindex_sql
- attimezone_sql
- fromtimezone_sql
- add_sql
- and_sql
- or_sql
- xor_sql
- connector_sql
- bitwiseand_sql
- bitwiseleftshift_sql
- bitwisenot_sql
- bitwiseor_sql
- bitwiserightshift_sql
- bitwisexor_sql
- cast_sql
- currentdate_sql
- currenttimestamp_sql
- collate_sql
- command_sql
- comment_sql
- mergetreettlaction_sql
- mergetreettl_sql
- altercolumn_sql
- renametable_sql
- renamecolumn_sql
- altertable_sql
- add_column_sql
- droppartition_sql
- addconstraint_sql
- distinct_sql
- ignorenulls_sql
- respectnulls_sql
- havingmax_sql
- intdiv_sql
- dpipe_sql
- div_sql
- overlaps_sql
- distance_sql
- dot_sql
- eq_sql
- propertyeq_sql
- escape_sql
- glob_sql
- gt_sql
- gte_sql
- ilike_sql
- ilikeany_sql
- like_sql
- likeany_sql
- similarto_sql
- lt_sql
- lte_sql
- mod_sql
- mul_sql
- neq_sql
- nullsafeeq_sql
- nullsafeneq_sql
- slice_sql
- sub_sql
- trycast_sql
- log_sql
- use_sql
- binary
- function_fallback_sql
- func
- format_args
- text_width
- format_time
- expressions
- op_expressions
- naked_property
- tag_sql
- token_sql
- userdefinedfunction_sql
- joinhint_sql
- kwarg_sql
- when_sql
- merge_sql
- tochar_sql
- tonumber_sql
- dictproperty_sql
- dictrange_sql
- dictsubproperty_sql
- oncluster_sql
- clusteredbyproperty_sql
- anyvalue_sql
- querytransform_sql
- indexconstraintoption_sql
- checkcolumnconstraint_sql
- indexcolumnconstraint_sql
- nvl2_sql
- comprehension_sql
- columnprefix_sql
- opclass_sql
- predict_sql
- forin_sql
- refresh_sql
- operator_sql
- toarray_sql
- tsordstotime_sql
- tsordstotimestamp_sql
- tsordstodate_sql
- unixdate_sql
- lastday_sql
- dateadd_sql
- arrayany_sql
- generateseries_sql
- struct_sql
- partitionrange_sql
- truncatetable_sql